DEFINITION OF PROPOSAL, TYPES OF PROPOSAL, RESEARCH OBJECTS, PROPOSAL PREPARATION SYSTEMATIC, DIFFERENCE BETWEEN QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE PROPOSALS
PROPOSAL PLANNING PAPERS , PROPOSAL TYPES , RESEARCH OBJECTS , PROPOSAL PREPARATION MATHEMATICAL SYSTEMS , QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE PROPOSAL FUNDS _ _
Lecturer : Afdhal Divine, S.Pd.I. , M.Pd
Arranged by :
K e group II
1. Sapitri Siregar (20140198)
2. Romila Yanti Nasution (20140195)
3. Taing Dorlan Hasibuan (20140212)
4. Susi Sir e gar (20140210)
5. Fidayanti Harahap (20140156)
6. Sakinah Sir e gar (20140096)
PRIMARY SCHOOL TEACHER EDUCATION STUDY PROGRAM
FACULTY OF SOCIAL SCIENCES AND LANGUAGES EDUCATION
SOUTH TAPANULI EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTE
T.A 2023/2024
FOREWORD
The author expresses all praise and gratitude to the presence of Allah SWT, thanks to His T aufik and Hidayah , this paper can be completed . The author pours out prayers and greetings to the Prophet Muhammad SAW as the bearer of the message which is guidance and mercy for the whole world.
The author would like to thank Mr. Afdhal Divine, S.Pd.I., M.Pd as lecturer for the Education Seminar course . The author also thanks his fellow students who have provided input for this paper.
This paper is entitled "Understanding Proposals , Types of Proposals , Objects of Proposals , Systematics of Preparing Proposals and Differences between Quantitative and Qualitative Proposals." Hopefully with this paper , we can know, study and also increase knowledge. The author really hopes for constructive criticism and suggestions from you and all your friends.
Student field , October 6 , 2023 _ _ _ _
Writer
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LIST OF CONTENTS
FOREWORD ................................................ ................................... i
TABLE OF CONTENTS ................................................ ................................................................ ii
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION .............................................. ............................... 1
A. Background ................................................ ................................ 1
B. Problem Formulation ................................................ ............................. 2
C. Purpose of the Paper ................................................ ................................ 2
CHAPTER II DISCUSSION .................................................. ................................ 3
A. Definition of Proposal .................................................. .......................... 3
B. Types of Proposals ................................................ ................................... 4
C. Research Objects ................................................ ................................ 5
D. Systematics of Proposal Preparation .................................................. ..... 7
E. Differences between Quantitative and Qualitative Proposals ............................ 8
CHAPTER III CLOSING ........................................... ......................................... 12
A. Conclusion ................................................ ...................................... 12
B. Suggestions ................................................ ................................................ 13
BIBLIOGRAPHY ................................................ ................................... 1
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
A. Background
Basically, every activity carried out by a person or group of people is carried out as an effort to fulfill mutually agreed goals. In this activity, of course there are things that must be completed as conditions that can make it easier to carry out the activities that will be carried out. This is called a proposal.
Proposals are made as designs or plans for activities that will be carried out in the future, although sometimes there are still some of these plans that may not be in accordance with what is done in the field. Apart from being a design for an activity, a proposal is also a piece of writing written by the author which aims to describe or explain a goal to the reader (individual or group) so that they gain a more detailed understanding of the goal. It is hoped that the proposal can provide as detailed information as possible to the reader, so that in the end they obtain a common vision, mission and objectives. However, it also needs to be underlined that writing a proposal is only one of many planning stages. Writing a proposal is a step in combining various plans that have been made in previous stages. So actually the proposal is just a design that is not very detailed regarding the implementation of the activities that will be carried out.
In line with the development of the times which is becoming more and more rapid day by day, and the need for making proposals is needed in several things in everyday life, it is necessary to pay attention to making proposals so that when they are written they can be structured effectively and are easy to understand.
B. Problem Formulation
1. What is the meaning of proposal ?
2. What are the types of proposals ?
3. What is the research object of the proposal ?
4. What is the systematicity of preparing the proposal ?
5. What is the difference between Quantitative and Qualitative Proposals ?
C. The purpose of the paper
1. To understand the meaning of the proposal
2. To find out what types of proposals are
3. To find out what the research object of the proposal is
4. To find out how to systematically prepare proposals
5. To find out what the differences are between Quantitative and Qualitative Proposals
CHAPTER II
DISCUSSION
A. Definition of Proposal Seminar
A proposal is a proposal for activities outlined in written form containing a detailed and systematic activity plan. The word proposal in English is "to propose", which means to propose.
The proposal made is intended to submit a clear and detailed activity plan in order to obtain approval. The proposal usually also shows in detail the funds that will be needed. Both in the world of work and in the world of education, this proposal is very important to study. Because every activity will definitely require a proposal.
To find out what the proposal means according to experts, here is the meaning.
1. According to Hasnun Anwar, a proposal is a plan that has been prepared for an activity.
2. According to Jay, a proposal is a standard management tool to help management run smoothly.
3. According to Riefky, a proposal is an activity plan that is prepared in a formal and standard way.
4. According to Keraf, a proposal is a suggestion or request addressed to a person or institution to do a job.
5. According to Hadi, a proposal is a structured proposal containing an agenda for business cooperation between institutions and companies, containing proposed activities and problem solving .
Several experts define proposals differently. However, in essence, it can be concluded that a proposal is a structured work agenda written in a certain order, as a reference or proposal for carrying out an activity or work.
B. Type of Proposal
As explained above, proposals can be used both in the world of education and work. Apart from that, proposals also have various types. In each type, there are still several kinds of proposals. If you want to understand it better, here is the definition of a proposal based on its type:
1. Types of proposals by purpose
Based on the purpose for which they are made, there are four types of proposals, namely:
a. Research proposal
Research proposals are usually used by those in educational settings. Usually they are made more by students or lecturers. This proposal consists of a research proposal for a dissertation, thesis, thesis, or others.
This proposal is made when someone wants to conduct research. So what will be researched and the research procedures and theories used will be explained in this proposal. Of course, for those who want to carry out research, a proposal is the main gateway.
b. Project Proposal
Project proposals that are commonly used in business activities. This project proposal contains a series of plans for development activities that will be carried out. The contents vary, starting from the objectives of the project, who is involved, to the funds needed for the project.
c. Activity Proposal
An activity proposal is a proposal made for a particular activity. The contents of this activity proposal are plans for activities that will be carried out by a person or group.
This proposal must be complete, starting from the name of the activity to how the activity will take place, and who is responsible. Examples of this proposal are proposals for exhibition activities, arts performance activities, class meeting activities, national day celebration activities, and so on.
d. Business proposal
Business proposals that are commonly used in personal and group business activities. Such as proposals for establishing a business, proposals for cooperation between companies, and other proposals with business objectives.
2. Types of proposals based on their format
Apart from being based on the objective, based on the writing format and structure, proposals also have several types, including:
a. Proposal Formal
This is a type of official or standard proposal. This type of proposal also has a standard structure, and must be present in every proposal. The language used is also standard Indonesian. There are three main parts that are usually used to prepare a formal proposal, namely the introduction, body and supplementary data for the proposal.
b. Proposal Semi Formal
Namely a proposal whose structure is not very complete or not as complete as a formal proposal. Even though it is not as complete as a formal proposal, the semi-formal proposal form still uses standard language.
c. Proposal Non-Formal
This is a proposal that is more flexible than the previous two types. Informal proposals are neither standard nor official. Because they do not have a formal or standard structure, non-formal proposals are often made in the form of memoranda or letters only.
C. Research Object
An object is anything in any form that is determined by the researcher to be studied so that information about it is obtained and then conclusions are drawn. Objects here can also be called variables. Objects can also be attributes of certain scientific fields or activities. Height, weight, attitude, motivation, leadership, work discipline, etc
To make it easier to understand the definition of the object in research as well as determine it easily when conducting research. The following is an example of a title to determine the research object;
Implementation of the Numbered Head Together (NHT) Cooperative Learning Model to Improve Civics Learning Outcomes on Globalization Material in class IV of SD Negeri 101250 Gunung Mananon II.
From the title above, the object of the research title is the fourth grade students of SD Negeri 101250 Gunung Manaon II.
Researchers need to make the student an object and then find out the student's problems by finding solutions to overcome them.
a. Various Research Objects
When linked to the source, research objects are divided into two types, namely primary objects and secondary objects. According to this definition, primary objects are objects that are needed through a first source, whereas secondary objects are objects that are obtained through a second source. For example, when conducting an interview, the primary object is the results of the (in-depth) interview, the results of the group discussion, not the informant or the discussion group itself. Meanwhile, secondary objects are written documents, text books, and various other results of conversation which as a whole function to support the primary source and object. Meanwhile, secondary object sources are basically still divided into two types, namely (a) sources that are still directly related to the main research problem; (b) sources in general, such as textbooks and other references that are not directly related, but have relevance, both theoretically and methodologically.
b. How to Determine Research Objects
Several things that need to be considered regarding the research object are as follows :
1. The research object must be in accordance with our (researcher's) background, both social and academic background (specifically for individual research) .
2. The object must be an inseparable part of the researcher so that the research becomes interesting.
3. Do not research or study other people's research areas. The reason is, apart from violating academic ethics, we will also be deemed to have no competence in the field concerned.
4. Research objects, big or small, are all around us, around human life.
5. It is recommended that the research object not be in the workplace or place of domicile because it is very difficult to achieve objectivity.
D. Systematics of Proposal Preparation
In general, there are several elements that must be present in a systematic proposal. These elements are background, objectives, problem formulation, research benefits, research assumptions, hypotheses, and literature study or review.
Quoted from UPI's Research Proposal Training teaching materials, the following is a systematic explanation of research proposals:
1. Problem Background
Shows the gap between the expectations or ideal conditions and reality, which then becomes a problem that is researched. The theory and results of previous research are also presented in a concise and concise manner.
2. Problem Formulation
State the questions you want to find answers to through research. The problem formulation must be prepared briefly, concisely, and stated in the form of a question sentence, as well as displaying the variables to be studied.
3. Research Objectives
Express the targets to be achieved in a research, referring to the research formulation and written in the form of a statement.
4. Hypothesis
In the form of a temporary answer estimated by the researcher to the research problem to clarify the relationship between the problem and the possible answer at the end of the research.
5. Research Assumptions
In the form of basic assumptions about things that are used as a basis or basis for thinking and acting in research.
6. Benefits of Research
Shows how important and appropriate research is for the development of knowledge in the field or the implementation of development in a broad sense.
7. Scope and Limitations
Expressing limitations in the scope of studies that must be carried out due to procedural reasons such as research techniques, as well as limitations due to obstacles originating from ethics, beliefs, customs, traditions, etc. which do not allow researchers to search for the required data.
8. Literature Review
Explain theories based on the latest developments and their relevance to research.
9. Operational Definition
This is a definition formulated based on what researchers can observe, not based on dictionaries or expert opinions.
E. Difference between Quantitative Proposal and Qualitative Proposal
1. Qualitative proposal
A qualitative research proposal is a proposal that plans to formulate a problem comprehensively and contextually by collecting information from natural backgrounds and using the researcher himself as the main research tool.
The characteristics of qualitative research types shape the nature and form of the report. Therefore, the reporting is a creative and in-depth story, with naturalistic characteristics that are full of authenticity.
This research method focuses on information that is non-numerical in nature (not numbers). This method emphasizes conceptually a research problem.
According to Creswell in the book Research Design , qualitative methods consist of five types, namely phenomenological research, grounded theory, ethnography, case study, and narrative research .
In this method, the process and meaning of research is emphasized more by using a theoretical basis based on facts in the field. The theoretical basis also plays a role in providing a general description of the research background as well as discussing the research results.
Qualitative research has quite limited research objects and requires in-depth analysis from the researcher. That is why researchers must participate in the conditions or events being studied.
Generally, qualitative research obtains main data from interviews and observations. After that, the researcher will analyze the data obtained, so that it is possible to give birth to a new concept or theory (if the results of the research carried out contradict the theory used in the research).
2. My proposal is antitative
In contrast to qualitative, quantitative methods are research methods that focus on numeric or numbers in a study. This technique uses statistical data, data from respondent surveys, and so on to process data.
Quantitative research aims to develop hypothetical theories that are related to natural phenomena through measurement. Therefore, measurement is central to this research.
Measurement can help see the relationship between empirical observations and the results of the data. Apart from that, quantitative research also helps find relationships between variables that exist in a population.
Daniel Rusyad in the book Quantitative, Qualitative and Mixed Approach Research Methods explains that quantitative research designs are divided into two types, namely descriptive studies and experimental studies. Descriptive study research is research that only tests the relationship between variables once (choosing between before or after research).
Meanwhile, experimental studies are carried out if researchers want to measure variables before and after the research. Measurements taken before and after were carried out to determine the existence of a cause and effect relationship.
Apart from the differences in understanding above, there are several differences between the two research methods, such as:
1. Research Design
● Qualitative is general, flexible, and dynamic. Qualitative research itself can develop during the research process.
● Quantitative has specific, detailed, and static properties. The flow of the research itself has been planned from the start and cannot be changed.
2. Data Analysis
· Qualitative can be analyzed during the research process.
· Quantitative can only be analyzed at the final stage before the report.
3. Research Subject Terms
· Qualitative has research subjects who are usually called sources.
· Quantitative has research subjects who are usually called respondents.
4. How to View Facts
Qualitative research views facts or truth depending on how the researcher interprets the data. This is caused by the existence of complex things that cannot simply be explained by numbers, such as human feelings.
This research is based on data, then explained by theories that are considered relevant, to produce a theory in order to strengthen the previous theory.
Meanwhile, quantitative research views the facts or truth as being in the research object out there. Researchers must be neutral and impartial. Whatever is found in the field, that is the fact. Quantitative research departs from theory towards data.
5. Data Collection
Qualitative research focuses more on things that cannot be measured by black and white truth, so researchers will dig into the data as deeply as possible on certain things.
That is why, the quality of qualitative research is not really determined by the number of sources involved, but how deeply the researcher digs for specific information from the selected sources.
Meanwhile, quantitative research data collection is carried out using a series of instruments in the form of tests or questionnaires.
The collected data is then converted using previously determined categories or criteria. The quality of this research is determined by the number of research respondents involved.
CHAPTER III
CONCLUSION
A. Conclusion
A proposal is a work plan prepared systematically and in detail for a formal activity, and to obtain approval or assistance from other parties.
There are 2 types of proposals, namely :
Types of Proposals based on objectives which consist of four types, namely;
1. Research proposal
2. Project proposal
3. Activity proposal
4. Business proposal.
The second type of proposal is a type of proposal based on its format, which consists of;
1. Proposal formal
2. Semi-formal proposal , and
3. Proposal non-formal.
Apart from that, the object of research is anything in any form that is applied by a researcher to study, so that information is obtained about it and then a conclusion is drawn.
This research object is divided into two, namely, primary research objects and secondary research objects.
Meanwhile, the Systematics for Preparing Proposals are;
1. Background
2. Problem formulation
3. Research objectives
4. Hypothesis, 5. Research assumptions
5. Benefits of research
6. Scope and limitations
7. Literature review and
8. Operational definition.
Meanwhile, the difference between Quantitative and Qualitative Proposals is that quantitative research focuses more on numerical data with certain instruments or measuring tools. Meanwhile, the qualitative proposal aims to describe the analytical data narratively.
B. Suggestions
The preparation of a proposal that is used as a design, plan, or as a prerequisite for submitting an activity should be able to represent the activity that will be implemented. A proposal, which is a work plan prepared systematically and in detail for an activity you want to carry out, should be able to represent the activity itself. So that when someone else reads it, they will immediately understand the form of activity that will be carried out.
BIBLIOGRAPHY A
Faisal, Sanapiah; Qualitative Research, Basics and Applications ; YA3 Malang 1990
(https://dosenpintar.com/makalah-proposal/accessed 10 October 2023)
(https://www.gramedia.com/literasi/pengertian-proposal/accessed 10 October 2023)
(https://www.academia.edu/36475779/MAKALAH_PENULISAN_TEKS_PROPOSAL/accessed 10 October 2023)
(https://pmb.itats.ac.id/mengenal-beda-penelitian-kualitatif-dan-kuantitatif/accessed 10 October 2023)
(http;//nenghepi.blogspot.com/2011/08/makalah-about-proposal, accessed 6 October 2023).
https://kumparan.com/kabar-harian/16-differences-penelitian-kualitatif-dan-kuantitatif-yang _
must-know- 1xha8WNDd7f/full
The names of those who asked
1. Melfi Mutiah Hasibuan
Question: Where are the x variables and y variables in the title Implementation of the Numbered Head Together (NHT) Type Cooperative Learning Model to Improve Civics Learning Outcomes on Globalization Material in class IV of SD Negeri 101250 Gunung Mananon II?
Answer: The x variable in the title is the application of the numbered heads together (NHT) type cooperative learning model and the y variable is to improve PKN learning outcomes on globalization material in class IV of SD Negeri 101250 Gunung Manaon II
2. Natasya Hutagalung
Question: What is meant by formulating a problem comprehensively and contextually?
Answer: What is meant by formulating a problem comprehensively is broad, comprehensive, thorough and covering many things, meaning a situation where something can explain information completely and extensively and provide more insight and what is meant by formulating a problem contextually is a problem that is appropriate to the situation at hand. experienced, in accordance with real life and close to life in society.
Which adds to the answer
1. Nuriyah Zilfaidah Harahap
Answer: contextually means we are able to identify contextual problems, formulate these problems mathematically, apply procedures, and evaluate the results. Our ability to understand problems, select information that is important to solve problems, understand assumptions, and select are important abilities in formulating problems contextually.