Field Test Theory of Psychologists Regarding Developmental Phases
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
I. BACKGROUND
In the Developmental Psychology I course there is the subject of Developmental Phases. These Developmental Phases show the stages of development experienced by humans.
These developmental phases can be seen from 3 aspects:Biological
Didactical / Instructional
Psychological
From these 3 aspects, many are colored by the opinions of experts. So that is the background of writing this paper. This paper is entitled " Field Test Theory of Psychologists Regarding Developmental Phases".
II. FORMULATION OF THE PROBLEM
1. Kretschmer Theory Test (Development Based on Biology)
2. Comenius Theory Test (Development Based on Didactic/Instructional)
3. Kroh Theory Test (Psychological Based Development)
CHAPTER II
DISCUSSION
I. Kretschmer's Theory Test
Kretschmer in his theory explains that from birth to adulthood, every individual goes through 4 stages of development.
To prove the truth of this theory, the writer uses 24 samples. The authors classify the sample data based on the 4 stages of Kretschmer's development.Stage 1
From 0 - ± 3 years, at this age the individual (child) looks short and fat. This stage is called " Fullungs periode I" , because at this stage the child looks short and fat, as well as being sociable, approachable, and open-minded.
1. Physical Data (Body)
No
Name
Age (Years)
Physical State
1
Nurul Fatma Az – Zahra
0 - ± 1
Fat Short Body
1.5
Slim Body (Sick) for 5 days
2,6
Body Stay Slim
2
Annisa Ullatifa
0 - ± 3
Fat Short Body
3
Early
0 – 2.1
Fat Short Body
2,1 – 3
Short Slender Body
4
Indra Putra Suherwin
0 - ± 3
Fat Short Body
5
Khairatul 'Ilmi
0 - ± 3
Fat Short Body
6
Ali Firmansyah
0 - ± 3
Fat Short Body
7
Right Silfia
0 - ± 3
Fat Short Body
*Sample Address (Kotobaru, Baso District, Agam Regency, West Sumatra)
From the physical (body) data above, the authors conclude that Kretschmer's theory in stage I can indeed be justified 5/7 x 100% = 71.4%. And applies to normal children (not sick) in the age period 0-3 years.
If you are sick, like the Nurul Fatma Az – Zahra sample, and Dini will affect his physical development.
2. Psychic Data (Traits)
No
Name
Age (Years)
Characteristic
1
Nurul Fatma Az – Zahra
0 – 3
It's hard to know, only parents / family can approach, afraid to mix
2
Annisa Ullatifa
0 – 3
Easy to approach, easy to get along with
3
Early
0 – 3
It's hard to know, only parents / family can approach, afraid to mix
4
Indra Putra Suherwin
0 – 3
Easy to approach, easy to get along with
5
Khairatul 'Ilmi
0 – 3
Easy to approach, easy to get along with
6
Ali Firmansyah
0 – 3
It's hard to know, only parents / family can approach, afraid to mix
7
Right Silfia
0 – 3
It's hard to know, only parents / family can approach, afraid to mix
*Sample Address (Kotobaru, Baso District, Agam Regency, West Sumatra)
From the psychological data (nature) above, the writer concludes that Kretschmer's theory is correct: 3/7 x 100% = 42.8%.
Stage II
From ± 3 - ± 7 years, individuals (children) appear slim (elongated / taller). This stage is called "Streckungs periode I". At this stage the child looks slim, and has a closed soul, difficult to get along with, and difficult to approach.
1. Physical Data (Body)
No
Name
Age (Years)
Physical (Body)
1
Khairatul 'Ilmi
3 - ± 7
Slim Body (Elongated)
2
Indra Putra Suherwin
3 - ± 7
Slim Body (Elongated)
3
Ali Firmansyah
3 - ± 7
Slim Body (Elongated)
4
Right Silfia
3 - ± 7
Slim Body (Elongated)
5
Sherly Juwita
3 - ± 7
Slim Body (Elongated)
6
Nanda
3 - ± 7
Slim Body (Elongated)
7
April Sesma
3 - ± 7
Slim Body (Elongated)
*Sample Address (Kotobaru, Baso District, Agam Regency, West Sumatra)
From the physical data on the side, the authors conclude that Kretschmer's theory is correct in stage II (100%).
2. Psychic Data (Traits)
No
Name
Age (Years)
Characteristic
1
Khairatul 'Ilmi
3 - ± 7
Easy to get along
2
Indra Putra Suherwin
3 - ± 7
Easy to get along
3
Ali Firmansyah
3 - ± 7
Easy to get along
4
Right Silfia
3 - ± 7
Easy to get along
5
Sherly Juwita
3 - ± 7
Easy to get along
6
Nanda
3 - ± 7
Easy to get along
7
April Sesma
3 - ± 7
Easy to get along
*Sample Address (Kotobaru, Baso District, Agam Regency, West Sumatra)
From the physical data above, the authors conclude that Kretschmer's theory is correct in stage II (0%).
Stage III
From ± 7 - ± 13 years, individuals look short and fat again. This stage is called "Fullungs periode II" (having an open soul, easy to get along with, easy to approach).
1. Physical Data (Body)
No
Name
Age (Years)
Physical (Body)
1
Fastabiqul Khairat
±7 – 9
Short Fat
9 - ± 13
Thin
2
tongue
± 7 – 13
Short Fat
3
Muhammad Rizki
± 7 - 11
Thin
11 - ± 13
Fat
4
pm
7- ± 10
Thin
10 - ± 13
Fat
5
Cindy Afrinota
7 - 13
Short Fat
6
Wanda Sari
7 - 13
Short Fat
7
Muhammad Alri
7 - 13
Short Fat
*Sample Address (Kotobaru, Baso District, Agam Regency, West Sumatra)
From the data next to the writer concludes the truth of Kretschmer's theory at this stage: 4/7 x 100% = 57.1%.
2. Psychic Data (Traits)
No
Name
Age (Years)
Characteristic
1
Fastabiqul Khairat
7 - 13
Easy to get along
2
tongue
7 - 13
Easy to get along
3
Muhammad Rizki
7 - 13
Easy to get along
4
pm
7 - 13
Easy to get along
5
Cindy Afrinota
7 - 13
Easy to get along
6
Wanda Sari
7 - 13
Easy to get along
7
Muhammad Alri
7 - 13
Easy to get along
*Sample Address (Kotobaru, Baso District, Agam Regency, West Sumatra)
From the data above, the authors conclude that the truth of Kretschmer's theory at this stage is 100%.
Stage IV
From ± 13 - ± 20 years, individuals look slim again (elongated / taller). This stage is called "Streckungs period II" because the individual looks slimmer again, and has the nature of being difficult to get along with, difficult to approach, and his soul is closed.
1. Physical Data (Body)
No
Name
Age (Years)
Physical (Body)
1
Muhammad Ilham
±13 - ±20
Slim Rising
2
Eka Andrio
±13 - ±20
Rising Fat
3
Ariputra
±13 - ±20
Slim Rising
4
Rio Saputra
±13 - ±20
Rising Fat
5
Nopi Nazmi
±13 - ±20
Slim Rising
6
As'adi Erizal
±13 - ±20
Slim Rising
7
Elwa Sutrisni
±13 - ±20
Rising Fat
*Sample Address (Kotobaru, Baso District, Agam Regency, West Sumatra)
From the data next to the writer concludes the truth of Kretschmer's theory at this stage: 4/7 x 100% = 57.1%.
2. Psychic Data (Traits)
No
Name
Age (Years)
Characteristic
1
Muhammad Ilham
±13 - ±20
Easy to get along
2
Eka Andrio
±13 - ±20
Easy to get along
3
Ariputra
±13 - ±20
Easy to get along
4
Rio Saputra
±13 - ±20
Easy to get along
5
Nopi Nazmi
±13 - ±20
Easy to get along
6
As'adi Erizal
±13 - ±20
Easy to get along
7
Elwa Sutrisni
±13 - ±20
Easy to get along
*Sample Address (Kotobaru, Baso District, Agam Regency, West Sumatra)
From the data above, the authors conclude that Kretschmer's theory is correct at this stage: 0%.
On Kretschmer's theory of development based on Biology, Kretschmer's theory does have a point. However, in certain conditions Kretschmer's theory cannot be used as a benchmark. As described above, there are several samples that do not meet Kretschmer's conditions. This is caused by several factors:
a. Family economic condition
b. Parents' emotional frequency (angry parents often make children afraid, and affect the child's physical development)
II. Comenius Theory Test (Development Based on Didactic/Instructional)
This didactical based developmental stage is a developmental stage based on what is taught/instructed/given, how to teach/instruct/give an experience/lesson that will be given to the child (individual).
Comenius in his theory said that complete education takes place in 4 levels as follows:Mother's School (Scola Materna), for children aged 0 - 6 years
Mother Language School (Scola Vernacula), for children aged 6 -12 years
Latin school (Scola Latin), for youth aged 12-18 years
Academy (Academia), for young people aged 18-21 years
For each level of education should be given educational materials in accordance with the development of students.
No
Name
Education
At Age
1
Fastabiqul Khairat
In family
0 – 5 years
Kindergarten and SDN 02 Kotobaru (Religion)
5 – 12 years
MTsN Penampung (Religion)
13 years old
2
tongue
In family
0 – 5 years
Kindergarten and SDN 02 Kotobaru (Religion)
5 – 12 years
MTsN Penampung (Religion)
12 -13 years
3
Muhammad Rizki
In family
0 – 5 years
Kindergarten and SDN 02 Kotobaru (Religion)
5 – 12 years
MTsN Penampung (Religion)
12 -13 years
4
pm
In family
0 – 5 years
Kindergarten and SDN 02 Kotobaru (Religion)
5 – 12 years
MTsN Penampung (Religion)
12 -13 years
5
Muhammad Ilham
In family
0 – 5 years
Kindergarten and SDN 02 Kotobaru (Religion)
5 – 12 years
MTsN Penampung (Religion)
12 -15 years
SMAN I Lambah (Agam)
15 - 18 years
STKIP Bukittinggi
18 - 20 years old
6
Eka Andrio
In family
0 – 5 years
Kindergarten and SDN 02 Kotobaru (Religion)
5 – 12 years
Dropout
12 -21 years
7
Ariputra
In family
0 – 5 years
Kindergarten and SDN 02 Kotobaru (Religion)
5 – 12 years
MTsN Penampung (Religion)
12 -15 years
MAN I Bukittinggi
15 - 18 years
Dropout
18 -22 years
8
Rio Saputra
In family
0 – 5 years
Kindergarten and SDN 02 Kotobaru (Religion)
5 – 12 years
MTsN Penampung (Religion)
12 -15 years
MAN I Bukittinggi
15 - 18 years
Dropout
18 -22 years
9
Romi Faslah
In family
0 – 5 years
Kindergarten and SDN 02 Kotobaru (Religion)
5 – 12 years
MTsN Penampung (Religion)
12 -15 years
Dropout
15 -26 years
*Sample Address (Kotobaru, Baso District, Agam Regency, West Sumatra)
From the data presented by the authors above, the authors conclude that the education system in Indonesia does not adhere to the system as indicated by Comenius.
But already provide / teach education in accordance with the needs of each level of education.
III. Kroh Theory Test (Psychological Based Development)
Kroh suggests that experiences that are specific to individuals can be used as a time of transition from one phase to another in their development. This special experience is called the time of shaking. Kroh describes this time of shaking through 3 periods:
1. From birth - time of shaking I Ã childhood
2. From the time of shock I - the time of shock II to the time of school compatibility
3. From the period of shock II – late adolescence à maturity (± 21 years).
The author conducted research on Muhammad Ilham, Eka Andrio, Ari Putra, Rio Saputra, Nopi Nazmi, As'adi Erizal, Elwa Sutrisni (Kotobaru, Baso District, Agam Regency, West Sumatra), all of whom were on average ± 21 years old. The seven samples that the author examined did experience periods of turmoil as stated by Kroh above. So the truth of Kroh's theory in the sample that the author studied is 100%.
CHAPTER III
CONCLUSION
Based on the research that the authors conducted on 24 samples next to the authors concluded that:On Kretschmer's theory of development based on Biology, Kretschmer's theory does have a point. However, in certain conditions Kretschmer's theory cannot be used as a benchmark. As described above, there are several samples that do not meet Kretschmer's conditions. This is caused by several factors:
a. Family economic condition
b. Parents' emotional frequency (angry parents often make children afraid, and affect the child's physical development)On Comenius theory (development based on Didactic / what is taught, how to provide educational material to children (individuals)). The author concludes that the education system in Indonesia does not adhere to an education system like the Comenius concept. Even so, the education system in Indonesia has provided/taught education according to the needs of each level of education.
In Kroh's theory, the authors conclude that Kroh's theory is in accordance with the developmental reality of each individual based on his psychology.
source: ade
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